Electronics

                                                            [The above schematics is designed in Raspberry pi using KiCad, in headless mode via ssh connection.] Below is my first PCB design in KiCad an opensource EDA. Learning points so far--- Decoupling Caps must be connected very tightly, they are small power source they filter out any noise present in dc supply also give current to the system when suddenly power on. All the sensitive components(inductor,crystal,decoupling caps,etc) must be routed first. The feedback line must be placed in such a way that there is no interface from magnetic elements like inductors(in case of SMPS). Trace widths are vitals for current flow, pay additional attention while designing PCB. Importing footprints of components i.e., CAD or EDA model from manufacturer (.stp file). For high speed PCBs impedance ma...

In this article, a capacitive sensors using NE555 timer IC along with Arduino Uno development board can be designed, the principle behind such sensor are creating square pulse in astable multivibrator mode the capacitor C1 (can been seen in the diagram below) is used to read the variable environment, which is then feed to arduino Analog pins and the microcontroller can be read the signal and further process can be done. We finally undrestand the principle, LETS build one. Schematic Diagram The above circuit is enogh for creating square pulse, but the goal is to make it capacitive sensor, here the C1 will be removed and it will be connected with the probes.

Introduction:        A voltage regulator is an electrical device that regulates the voltage in a circuit to a constant, predetermined value. It maintains a constant output voltage despite changes in the load current or input voltage. Voltage regulators are used to protect sensitive electrical devices from voltage spikes and surges, and to ensure that a stable voltage is provided to power a wide range of electrical equipment. They are commonly found in power supplies, battery chargers, and other applications that require stable, regulated voltage.      In our design we are using lm7805 IC, the output is set to 5V, for our design we are using EASYEDA tool, the schematic is shown below.   Schematic of lm7805 based voltage regulator.     PCB of voltage regulator.   3D view of voltage regulator          Here are some of the disadvantages of voltage regulators: Cost: Voltage regulators can be relatively exp...

Background RF and microwave technology become an important part of day to day life, it is difficult to imagine life without microwave technology. These have commercial and military applications. With the rapid progress and improvement in mobile and wireless technology, microwave components such as filters, couplers, circulators, and power dividers are in high demand. A microwave directional coupler in microstrip technology is an important component in the design of microwave communication systems. It is used to extract a small portion of the microwave signal from the main transmission line and to measure the power of the signal. This is accomplished by constructing a microwave circuit on a substrate material with a microstrip transmission line and a simple coupling mechanism. The directional coupler consists of two microstrip transmission lines that are separated by a narrow strip of insulating material. The incoming microwave signal is divided between the two transmission lin...